• ±ÏÒµÂÛÎĶ¨ÖÆ
    ÄÏÔÁÂÛÎÄÖÐÐÄÌṩ±¾¿Æ/Ñо¿Éú/²©Ê¿±ÏÒµÂÛÎÄ£¬´ÓÌá¸Ù£¬¿ªÌâµ½ºóÆÚÃâ·ÑÐÞ¸Ä,Ãâ·ÑÖ¸µ¼´ð±çµÈ £¬ÁªÏµÈË£ºÎºÀÏʦ£¬µç»°£º13450375436¡£
  • ´úд´ú·¢Ö°³ÆÂÛÎÄ
    ÄÏÔÁÂÛÎÄÖÐÐÄÌṩְ³ÆÂÛÎÄ´úд£¬±¨¸æ×ܽᣬÑݽ²Ö´Ç,ÐĵÃÌå»á,µ³ÍŸ¨µ¼µÈ´úд·þÎñ²¢ÍƼö·¢±íÊ¡¼¶,¹ú¼Ò¼¶,ºËÐÄÔÓÖ¾°ü·¢¡£ÁªÏµQQ:631069747¡£

ËùνӢ¹úÏÖ´ú»¯¡°ÄÚÔ´¡±¡°ÏÈ·¢¡±ÐÔÖÊÉÌÒé

À´Ô´£ºÄÏÔÁÂÛÎÄÖÐÐÄ ×÷ÕߣºÃ·¿¡½Ü ·¢±íÓÚ£º2010-10-29 11:11¡¡ µã»÷£º´Î
¡¾¹Ø½¡´Ê¡¿Ó¢¹úÏÖ´ú»¯;ÄÚÔ´;ÏÈ·¢;ÉÌÒé
¹úÄÚѧ½çÆÕ±éÈÏΪ,Ó¢¹úµÄÏÖ´ú»¯ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¡°ÄÚÔ´¡±¡¢¡°ÏÈ·¢¡±ÐÍÏÖ´ú»¯,È»¶ø,ʵ֤µØ¿¼²ìÓ¢¹úÏÖ´ú»¯Ïà¶ÔÍêÕûµÄÀúÊ·¿ÉÖª,ÕâÒ»ÅжÏȱ·¦ÊÂʵÒÀ¾Ý¡£ÔÚͨ³£Ëùν¡°¹¤Òµ¸ïÃü¡±Ö®Ç°,Ó¢¹úʵÒÑÓйýÒ»³¡¡°ÍâÔ´¡±Íƶ¯Ð͹¤Òµ»¯Ô˶¯,ÕýÊÇͨ¹ý´óÁ¦Òý½øÍⲿÏȽøµÄÉú²úÒªËØ,Ó¢¹ú²Å¸Ä±äÁË×ÔÉí²ú

ÔÚÑо¿ÊÀ½çÏÖ´ú»¯½ø³Ìʱ,Ó¢¹úÒ»ÏòÊǹúÄÚѧ½çÖص㿼²ìµÄ¾­µä°¸Àý,¶øÇÒ,ÆÕ±éµÄ¿´·¨ÊÇ,ÊÀ½çÉÏ´æÔÚÁ½ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄÏÖ´ú»¯ÀàÐÍ,Ò»ÀàÊÇ“ÄÚÔ´”ºÍ“ÏÈ·¢”ÐÍÏÖ´ú»¯,ÔÙÒ»ÀàÊÇ“ÍâÔ´”ºÍ“ºó·¢”ÐÍÏÖ´ú»¯,Ö»ÓÐÓ¢¹ú²ÅÊǵ±Ö®ÎÞÀ¢µÄ“ÄÚÔ´”ºÍ“ÏÈ·¢”ÏÖ´ú»¯µÄÔ­ÐÍ¡£¾ÝÈÏΪ,ÔÚ“ÄÚÔ´”¡¢“ÏÈ·¢”ÐÍÏÖ´ú»¯ÖÐ,ÏÖ´ú±ä¸ïµÄ¶¯Á¦Ö÷ÒªÀ´×ÔÄÚ²¿,±ä¸ïµÄ²½·¥ÁìÏÈÓÚÆäËû¹ú¼Ò,¶øÇÒ,±ä¸ïÊÇÔÚÊг¡Á¦Á¿Ö÷µ¼ÏÂ,ÒÔ×Ô϶øÉÏÉõÖÁ·ÅÈÎ×ÔÁ÷µÄ·½Ê½×Ô·¢µØÕ¹¿ªµÄ¡£ÓйØÏÖ´ú»¯ÀàÐÍÒÔ¼°Ó¢¹úÏÖ´ú»¯µÄÉÏÊö¿´·¨ÏÈÓÉҵʦÂÞÈÙÇþÏÈÉúϵͳÌá³ö¢Ù,ºóµÃµ½¹úÄÚѧ½çµÄ¹ã·ºÈÏͬ,ÄËÖÁÒѾ­³ÉΪijÖÖѧÊõ¹²Ê¶¢Ú¡£
¡¡¡¡È»¶ø,ʵ֤µØ¿¼²ìÏà¶ÔÍêÕûµÄÓ¢¹úÏÖ´ú»¯½ø³ÌÈ´¿É·¢ÏÖ,ËùνӢ¹úÏÖ´ú»¯“ÄÚÔ´”ºÍ“ÏÈ·¢”˵,Ëä¾ßÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄÆô·¢ÐÔ,È´ÊÇȱ·¦ÀúÊ·ÒÀ¾ÝµÄÒ»ÖÖÏëÏó,ÊǶԷ¢´ï¹ú¼Ò·¢Õ¹Àú³ÌµÄÒ»ÖÖÍÑÀëÊÂʵµÄÀíÏ뻯¡£¸ÃÀúÊ·¹ÛµÄ±×¶ËÔÚÓÚ,ËüÐé¹¹³öÒ»¸öÏÖ´ú»¯ÁìÏÈÕßÄÚÉúÑÝ»¯ºÍ×ÔÎÒ±äǨµÄÀúÊ·¼ÙÏó,¿ä´óÁËÊг¡¾­¼ÃÒòËØ×Ô·¢³É³¤²¢Ñ­Ðò½¥½øµÄÒ»Ãæ,ͬʱҲÏû½âÁ˹ú¼ÒÕþÖÎÁ¦Á¿¸ÉÔ¤¾­¼ÃÒÔͼӭͷ¸Ï³¬µÄÁíÒ»Ãæ¡£ÕâÖÖÀúÊ·¹Ûʵ¼ÊÉÏ°µºÏÁ˾­¼ÃѧÖеÄÐÂ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÁ¢³¡,´Ó½üÄêÓйشó¹úáÈÆðµÄƬÃæÀúÊ·½â¶Á¿ÉÖª,Ëü°üº¬×ÅÎóµ¼ÏÖ´ú»¯ºóÀ´ÕߵķçÏÕ¡£ÏÔÈ»,³ÎÇåËùνӢ¹úÏÖ´ú»¯“ÄÚÉú”¡¢“ÏÈ·¢”µÄÁ÷Ðй۵ã,½«ÓÐÖúÓÚ¸ü¼Ó׼ȷµØ°ÑÎÕ·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒÏÖ´ú»¯µÄÆðʼÌõ¼þºÍ·¢Õ¹Àú³Ì,ÓÈÆäÓÐÖúÓÚ¸ü¼Ó¿Í¹ÛµØÈÏʶӢ¹ú´Ù½øÏÖ´ú»¯µÄÕþ²ßÊÖ¶Î,´Ó¶ø¶Ô˼¿¼°üÀ¨ÖйúÔÚÄڵķ¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄÏÖ´ú»¯ÎÊÌâ»áÓÐËùÆôʾ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢ Ó¢¹úÏÖ´ú»¯ºÎÔø“ÄÚÔ´”
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Ñ§ÕßÃÇÖ®ËùÒÔ½«Ó¢¹úµÄÏÖ´ú»¯¶¨ÐÔΪ“ÄÚÔ´”,ÊÇÒòΪËûÃÇ¿´µ½,×÷ΪÏÖ´ú»¯Ô­¶¯Á¦µÄ“¹¤Òµ¸ïÃü”´Ó18ÊÀ¼ÍºóÆÚµ½19ÊÀ¼ÍÔçÆÚÊ×ÏÈ·¢ÉúÓÚÓ¢¹ú,ÄÇÀïͨ¹ý×ÔÉíÁ¦Á¿µÄ»ý¾ÛÂÊÏÈʵÏÖÁËÏÖ´úÉú²úÁ¦µÄÔÐÓýºÍÍ»ÆÆ¡£Ò»°ã¶øÑÔ,ÕâÑùµÄ¿´·¨²¢ÎÞ²»µ±Ö®´¦¡£¿ÉÊÇ,¼ÙÈçÔÙÉîÈëÒ»²½¿¼²ì¹¤Òµ¸ïÃü֮ǰµÄÅ·ÖÞÀúÊ·,È´»áÈÃÈË¿´µ½ÒâÏë²»µ½µÄ¾°Ïó¡£ÑÇɪ•ÁõÒ×˹˵¹ý:“¸Ä±äÊÀ½çµÄÄǴι¤Òµ¸ïÃü¿ªÊ¼ÓÚ18ÊÀ¼ÍÄ©,²»¹ý,×Ô13ÊÀ¼ÍÒÔÀ´,Ó¢¹ú·¢Éú¹ýÐí¶à´Î¹¤Òµ¸ïÃü¡£”
¡¡¡¡W. Arthur Lewis,ª«The Evolution of the International Economic Order,ª« Princeton University Press, 1978, p. 4.
¡¡¡¡µÀ¸ñÀ­Ë¹•ÅµË¼Ò²ËµµÀ:“ÐèÒªÐÞÕýÎÒÃǶÔÓÚ¹ýÍùÁ½¸öÊÀ¼ÍËù³ÖµÄ¹«Ê½»¯¹Ûµã¡£ÎÒÃÇÏÖÔÚ³Æ×÷¹¤Òµ¸ïÃüµÄÕâ¸öʱÆÚ,²¢·ÇÈçÓÐʱÏàÐŵÄÄÇÑù,ÊÇÓë¹ýÈ¥µÄ³¹µ×¾öÁÑ¡£Ïà·´,ËüÊǼÈÍùʼþÖð½¥ÑÝ»¯µÄ×îÖÕ½á¹û¡£”
¡¡¡¡Douglass C. North,ª«Structure and Change in Economic History,ª« W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1981, p. 162.
¡¡¡¡¸ù¾ÝÕâЩÌáʾ,¿ÉÒÔ·¢ÏÖ,ÔÚ¹¤Òµ¸ïÃü֮ǰµÄ³¤ÆÚ²úÒµ½ø²½ÖÐ,Ó¢¹úÔÚ1540-1640Äê¼äÔçÒѾ­Àú¹ýÒ»³¡ºäºäÁÒÁҵĹ¤Òµ»¯Ô˶¯,²»·ÁÃûÖ®Ô»“³õʼ¹¤Òµ¸ïÃü”¡£¶øÕⳡ³õʼ¹¤Òµ¸ïÃüµÄÒâÒå²»½öÔÚÓÚΪӢ¹úÈÕºóÄdz¡ÖøÃûµÄ¹¤Òµ¸ïÃü´òÏÂÁ˹ؼüµÄ»ù´¡,¸üÔÚÓÚÕâÊÇÒ»³¡´¿´â“ÍâÔ´”µÄÏÖ´ú»¯Ô˶¯¡£
¡¡¡¡³õʼ¹¤Òµ¸ïÃüÆô¶¯Ç°,Ó¢¹úµÄ²úÒµÔÚÅ·ÖÞ·¶Î§´¦ÓÚÈ«ÃæÂäºó״̬¡£Îª¸Ä±äÕâÒ»¾ÖÃæ,´óÖ´Ó16ÊÀ¼ÍÖÐÆÚÆð,Å®ÍõÒÁÀöɯ°×Ò»ÊÀµÈ¾ö²ßÕß“¼«Æä¿ÊÍû·¢Õ¹Ã¿Ò»ÖÖÀàµÄÓ¢¹ú²úÒµ,ÙÂÒÔÈÃÓ¢¹ú²»½öÔÚ¾­¼ÃÉ϶ÀÁ¢ÆðÀ´,Äܹ»Ö§¸¶Ä³Ð©½ø¿Ú,¶øÇÒÒ²Ðí»¹ÄÜÉú²ú¿É³ö¿ÚÖÁº£ÍâÊг¡µÄ¸ß¼ÛÖµ²úÆ·”¡£×îºó¸¶ÖîʵʩµÄÕþ²ßÊÇ,ÓÉÍõÊÒÏòÄÇЩ“¾ßÓÐ×ã¹»ÆóÒµ¾«Éñ,¿É×ÊÒÆֲм¼ÒÕ»òÕßÒý½øÐÂÖÆÔìÒµ”µÄÈËÊ¿°üÀ¨Íâ¹úÈË°ä·¢ÌØÐíÖ¤,ÀûÓøâ¶ÏÐÔµÄÌØÐíÖ¤ÖƶÈÀ´Ç˶¯²úÒµÉý¼¶¡£“ÒÁÀöɯ°×µÄÄ¿±êÊÇÒªÒý½øÃ÷·¯¡¢²£Á§¡¢·ÊÔí¡¢ÓÍ¡¢ÑΡ¢Ïõʯ¡¢½ðÊôƬµÄÖÆÔì,ÕâЩ²úÆ·´ËÇ°¾ùÀµ½ø¿Ú¡£ÐÂÓ±ÐÔÊÇ°ä·¢ÌØÐíÖ¤µÄ±ê×¼¡£”
¡¡¡¡William Cunningham, The Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times, Part I: The Mercantile System, in Roger E. Backhouse and Peter J. Cain (eds.), ª«The English Historical School of Economics,ª« Vol. 4, Overstone of Thoemmes Press, 2001, p. 75, p. 78.
¡¡¡¡µ±Ê±µÄͨÐÐ×ö·¨ÊÇ,ÒÔÒ»¶¨ÄêÏÞµÄÌØÐíרӪȨ»»È¡¼¼ÊõºÍ²úÒµµÄ±¾ÍÁ»¯,¹Ê¶ø,ÌØÐíÖ¤Öƶȱ¾ÖÊÉÏÊÇÒ»Ïî¹ÄÀø½ø¿ÚÌæ´úµÄÕþ²ß¡£ÏÖÖª,“ÔÚÒÁÀöɯ°×ÖÎÏÂÊÚÓëµÄ55ÏÏÌØȨ,ÓÐ21ÏîÊÇÊÚ¸øÍâ¹úÈË»ò¹é»¯Ó¢¹úµÄ¹úÃñ,ËùÖÆÔìµÄ²úÆ·°üÀ¨·ÊÔí¡¢ÅÅË®»ú¡¢¾òµØ»ú¡¢ºæ¯ºÍÈÛ¯¡¢ÓÍÁϺÍƤ¸ï¡¢ÄëÄ¥»ú¡¢ÑΡ¢²£Á§¡¢²£Á§±­¡¢Ë®±Ã¡¢ÊéдֽµÈ,µ±È»Ò²Òý½øÁËÁ¶Ìú¡¢Äë¹È¡¢ÔþÓͺͷÄÖ¯µÄÕûȾ¡¢í¼¹âµÈ¹¤ÒÕ”[ÃÀ]µÀ¸ñÀ­Ë¹•C.ŵ˼¡¢ÂÞ²®ÌØ•±£¶û•ÍÐÂê˹:¡¶Î÷·½ÊÀ½çµÄÐËÆð¡·,ѧԷ³ö°æÉç1988Äê°æ,µÚ210Ò³¡£¡£
¡¡¡¡ÕýÊǽèÖú¹¤Òµ¸ïÃüÇ°Õⳡ´ó¹æÄ£µÄ½ø¿ÚÌæ´úÔ˶¯,Ó¢¹úÕþ¸®´ÓÅ·ÖÞ´ó½ÒÆÖ²ÁËһϵÁÐÐÂÆóÒµºÍвúÒµ¡£“ÔÚ16ÊÀ¼Íºó60ÄêÀï,Ê×ÅúÔìÖ½³§¡¢Ê×Åú»ðÒ©³§¡¢Ê×Åú»ðÅÚÖýÔ쳧¡¢Ê×ÅúÃ÷·¯ºÍÂÌ·¯³§¡¢Ê×ÅúʳÌÇÁ¶ÖƳ§¡¢Ê×ÅúÏõʯ³§,¶¼ÊÇ´Óº£ÍâÒý½øµ½Õâ¸ö¹ú¼ÒµÄ¡£”ÔÚÕâЩÐÐÒµÖÐ,Ó¢¹úÔ­±¾Ò²²»ÊÇûÓÐÒ»µãС×÷·»,µ«ËüÃÇ“²úÁ¿Î¢²»×ãµÀ,Éú²ú³¡µØ¼òªԭʼ”,Óë“ÀúÊ·¸üÔç¡¢Éú²ú¹æÄ£¸ü´ó”µÄ´ó½ÎÞ·¨Ïà±È¡£Èç½ñ¹Ù·½ÒÀ¿¿Òý½øÉ豸ºÍ¼¼ÊõËùÐË°ìµÄ¹¤³§Ôò¹ÍÓ¶¹¤È˶ࡢÖØÐÍ»úе¶à¡¢Í¶×ÊÁ¿´ó¡¢²úÁ¿Ò²¸ü´ó¡£ÀýÈç,ÔÚÒ±½ðÁìÓò,Ó¢¹úÖýÌúÓõĹķ篱¾À´¾Í´ÓÅ·ÖÞ´ó½Òý½ø¹ý,µ½ÕâһʱÆÚÔòÓÖÔٴδӴó½Òý½ø´óÐ͹ķç¯,ÆäÌúÄê²úÁ¿´ïµ½100-500¶ÖÉõÖÁ¸ü¶à,´ó´ó³¬³öÓ¢¹úÔ­À´Ð¡Ìú¯Äê²ú×î¶à20¶ÖµÄˮƽ¡£´óÐͯ×ÓÒÔ¼°Ë®¶¯Á¦»úе¼°ÆäÅä¼þµÈº£ÍâÏȽøÉ豸ºÍ¼¼ÊõµÄ²ÉÓÃ,ÈÃÕû¸öÒ±½ðÐÐÒµÍÑÌ¥»»¹Ç,´ÓÌúÖÆÆ·¼Ó¹¤µÄ±ê×¼»¯ºÍ¹æÄ£»¯,µ½´óÐÍÍ­¡¢ÎýÆóÒµÒÔ¼°´óÐ͸ֳ§µÄ½¨Á¢,¶¼ÊÇ´ËÆÚ´Ó´ó½Òý½øµÄ½á¹û¡£Òò´ËÓжÏÑÔ:“16ÊÀ¼Íºó60ÄêÖÐÒýÈëÓ¢¹úµÄËùÓÐÕâЩÖÆÔìÒµ,Ϊ¹¤Òµ×ʱ¾Ö÷ÒåµÄ³É³¤¿ª±ÙÁËһƬȫеÄÌìµØ¡£”J. U. Nef, “The Progress of Technology and the Growth of Large-scale Industry in Great Britain, 1540-1640”,ª«The Economic History Review,ª«Vol. 5, Iss. 1 (Oct. 1934), pp. 11-13.
ÔÚÕâÒ»ÂÖÒý½øµÄ´ø¶¯ÏÂ,Ó¢¹úʵÏÖÁ˹㷺µÄ²úÒµÉý¼¶,ÓÈÆäÊDzÉúҵµÄ¼¼Êõ½ø²½ÎªºóÀ´¹¤Òµ¸ïÃüʱµÄÁìÏÈÓÅÊƵ춨Á˹ؼüµÄ»ù´¡¡£ÔÚ²ÉúÐÐÒµ,16ÊÀ¼ÍÖÐÆÚÇ°,Ó¢¹úµ¥Î»Ãº¿óµÄÄê²úÁ¿ºÜÉÙ³¬¹ý¼¸°Ù¶Ö,¶øÀûÓôó½¼¼Êõ¸ÄÔì¿ó¾®ÅÅË®ºÍͨ·çÉèÊ©Ö®ºó,µ½1640ÄêǰϦ,Äê²ú1000-25000¶ÖµÄú¿óÒѾ­Ë¾¿Õ¼û¹ß¡£µ±Ê±Ó¢¹úµÄú²úÁ¿Äܹ»´ïµ½Êý±¶ÓÚÕû¸öÅ·ÖÞ´ó½µÄˮƽ,¿¿µÄ¾ÍÊÇÊýÒ԰ټƵĴËÀà¿ó¾®µÄÉèÊ©¸Ä½¨¡£ÕýÊÇ»ùÓÚÒý½øËùÌṩµÄÌõ¼þ,Ó¢¹úÔÚÕⳡ³õʼ¹¤Òµ¸ïÃüÖÐÂÊÏÈʵÏÖÁËú¶ÔÓÚľ²ÄºÍľ̿µÄ¸ïÃüÐÔÌæ´ú,²¢Òý·¢ÁËһϵÁвúÒµµÄ²¼¾Ö¼¯ÖÐÒÔ¼°Á÷³Ì¸ÄÔì,ÓÉ´Ë´ó´ó´Ù½øÁ˸÷Àà²úÒµµÄ¹æÄ£À©´óºÍ¹¤ÒÕ½ø²½¡£Ó¢¹úÈËÖ®ËùÒÔÁìÏÈÒ»²½µØ·¢ÏÖ²¢Ê¹Óý¹Ì¿,´ó¹æÄ£µØÉÕÖÆש¿éºÍ²£Á§µÈµÈ,¶¼ÓëȼÁÏÀàÐ͵ĸıäÃÜÇÐÏà¹ØSee J. U. Nef, “The Progress of Technology and the Growth of Large-scale Industry in Great Britain, 1540-1640”, pp. 10-18.¡£ÌرðÊÇÁ¶ÌúÖн¹Ì¿µÄʹÓÃ,±»ÈÏΪ±ÈÆðÈÕºó¿ìËٵĻúе»¯ºÍÃÞ·ÄÖ¯ÒµµÄÔö³¤,“¶ÔÓÚ¹¤Òµ»¯ÉõÖÁ¸ü¾ßÓиù±¾ÒâÒå”Rondo Cameron, ª«A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present,ª« Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 175.¡£ (ÔðÈα༭£ºÄÏÔÁÂÛÎÄÖÐÐÄ)תÌùÓÚÄÏÔÁÂÛÎÄÖÐÐÄ: http://www.nylw.net(´úд´ú·¢ÂÛÎÄ_±ÏÒµÂÛÎÄ´øд_¹ãÖÝÖ°³ÆÂÛÎÄ´ú·¢_¹ãÖÝÂÛÎÄÍø£©

¶¥Ò»ÏÂ
(0)
0%
²ÈÒ»ÏÂ
(0)
0%


°æȨÉùÃ÷£ºÒò±¾ÎľùÀ´×ÔÓÚÍøÂ磬Èç¹ûÓаæȨ·½ÃæÇÖ·¸,Ç뼰ʱÁªÏµ±¾Õ¾É¾³ý.